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Mar 11, 2009, 11:14:16 PM (16 years ago)
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severine ovyn
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user manual

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  • trunk/paper/notes.tex

    r324 r325  
    2929  \pdfinfo{
    3030   /Author (S. Ovyn, X. Rouby, V. Lemaitre)
    31    /Title  (Delphes, a framework for fast simulation of a generic collider experiment)
     31   /Title  (Delphes, a framework for fast simulation of a general-purpose LHC detector)
    3232   /Subject ()
    33    /Keywords (Delphes, Fast simulation, smearing, reconstruction, trigger, event display, LHC, Hector, FastJet, Frog)}
     33   /Keywords (Delphes, Fast simulation, LHC, FROG, Hector, Smearing, FastJet)}
    3434\else
    3535   \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}
    … …  
    6060\begin{abstract}
    6161It is always delicate to  know whether theoretical predictions are visible and measurable in a high energy collider experiment due to the complexity of the related detectors, data acquisition chain and software.
    62 We introduce here a new \texttt{C++}-based framework, \textsc{Delphes}, for fast simulation of
     62We introduce here a new \texttt{C++}-basedframework, \textsc{Delphes}, for fast simulation of
    6363a general-purpose experiment. The simulation includes a tracking system, embedded into a magnetic field, calorimetry and a muon
    6464system, and possible very forward detectors arranged along the beamline.
    … …  
    6969
    7070\noindent
    71 \textit{Keywords:} \textsc{Delphes}, fast simulation, trigger, event display, \textsc{lhc}, \textsc{FastJet}, \textsc{Hector}, \textsc{Frog}\\
     71\textit{Keywords:} \textsc{Delphes}, fast simulation, \textsc{lhc}, smearing, trigger, \textsc{FastJet}, \textsc{Hector}, \textsc{Frog}\\
    7272\href{http://www.fynu.ucl.ac.be/delphes.html}{http://www.fynu.ucl.ac.be/delphes.html}\\
    7373\textit{Preprint:} \texttt{CP3-09-01}
    … …  
    8080
    8181\section{Introduction}
     82% Motiver l'utilisation d'un simulateur rapide
     83% - 1) rapide VS lent
     84% - 2) relativement bonne prédiction en premiÚre approximation
     85% - 3) permet de comparer
    8286
    8387Experiments at high energy colliders are very complex systems for several reasons. Firstly, in terms of the various detector subsystems, including tracking, central calorimetry, forward calorimetry, and muon chambers. Such apparatus differ in their detection principles, technologies, geometrical acceptances, resolutions and sensitivities. Secondly, due to the requirement of a highly effective online selection (i.e. a \textit{trigger}), subdivided into several levels for an optimal reduction factor of ``uninteresting'' events, but based only on partially processed data. Finally, in terms of the experiment software, with different data formats (like \textit{raw} or \textit{reconstructed} data), many reconstruction algorithms and particle identification approaches.
    … …  
    8791A new framework, called \textsc{Delphes}~\cite{bib:Delphes}, is introduced here, for the fast simulation of a general-purpose collider experiment.
    8892Using the framework, observables can be estimated for specific signal and background channels, as well as their production and measurement rates.
    89 Starting from the output of event generators, the simulation of the detector response takes into account the subdetector resolutions, by smearing the kinematic properties of the final-state particles\footnote{Throughout the paper, final-state particles refer as particles considered as stable by the event generator.}. Tracks of charged particles and deposits of energy in calorimetric cells (or \textit{calotowers}) are then created.
     93Starting from the output of event generators, the simulation of the detector response takes into account the subdetector resolutions, by smearing the kinematic properties of the final-state particles\footnote{throughout the paper, final-state particles refer as particles considered as stable by the event generator.}. Tracks of charged particles and deposits of energy in calorimetric cells (or \textit{calotowers}) are then created.
    9094
    9195\textsc{Delphes} includes the most crucial experimental features, such as (Fig.~\ref{fig:FlowChart}):
    … …  
    104108\caption{Flow chart describing the principles behind \textsc{Delphes}. Event files coming from external Monte Carlo generators are read by a converter stage (top).
    105109The kinematics variables of the final-state particles are then smeared according to the tunable subdetector resolutions.
    106 Tracks are reconstructed in a simulated solenoidal magnetic field and calorimetric towers sample the energy deposits. Based on these low-level objects, dedicated algorithms are applied for particle identification, isolation and reconstruction.
     110Tracks are reconstructed in a simulated dipolar magnetic field and calorimetric towers sample the energy deposits. Based on these low-level objects, dedicated algorithms are applied for particle identification, isolation and reconstruction.
    107111The transport of very forward particles to the near-beam detectors is also simulated.
    108 Finally, an output file is written, including generator-level and analysis-object data.
    109 If requested, a fully parametrisable trigger can be emulated. Optionally, the geometry and visualisation files for the 3D event display can also be produced.
    110 All user parameters are set in the \textit{Detector/Smearing Card} and the \textit{Trigger Card}. }
     112Finally, an output file is written, including generator-level and analysis-object data. If requested, a fully parametrisable trigger can be emulated. Optionally, the geometry and visualisation files for the 3D event display can also be produced.
     113All user parameters are set in the \textit{Smearing Card} and the \textit{Trigger Card}. }
    111114\label{fig:FlowChart}
    112115\end{center}
    … …  
    119122
    120123\textsc{Delphes} uses the \texttt{ExRootAnalysis} utility~\cite{bib:ExRootAnalysis} to create output data in a \texttt{*.root} ntuple.
    121 This output contains a copy of the generator-level data (\textsc{gen} tree), the analysis data objects after reconstruction (\mbox{\textsc{A}nalysis} tree), and possibly the results of the trigger emulation (\mbox{\textsc{T}rigger} tree).
    122 In option\footnote{\texttt{[code]} See the \texttt{FLAG\_lhco} variable in the detector datacard. This text file format is shortly described in the user manual.}, \textsc{Delphes} can produce a reduced output file in \texttt{*.lhco} text format, which is limited to the list of the reconstructed high-level objects in the final states.
    123 
    124 The program is driven by input cards. The detector card (\texttt{data/DetectorCard.dat}) allows a large spectrum of running conditions by modifying basic detector parameters, including calorimeter and tracking coverage and resolution, thresholds or jet algorithm parameters. The trigger card (\texttt{data/TriggerCard.dat}) lists the user algorithms for the simplified online
    125 preselection.
     124This output contains a copy of the generator-level data (\textsc{gen} tree), the analysis data objects after reconstruction (\mbox{\textsc{A}nalysis} tree), and possibly the results of the trigger emulation (\mbox{\textsc{T}rigger} tree). The program is driven by input cards. The detector card (\texttt{data/DataCardDet.dat}) allows a large spectrum of running conditions by modifying basic detector parameters, including calorimeter and tracking coverage and resolution, thresholds or jet algorithm parameters. The trigger card (\texttt{data/trigger.dat}) lists the user algorithms for the simplified online preselection.\\
    126125
    127126
    … …  
    130129The overall layout of the general-purpose detector simulated by \textsc{Delphes} is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:GenDet3}.
    131130A central tracking system (\textsc{tracker}) is surrounded by an electromagnetic and a hadron calorimeters (\textsc{ecal} and \textsc{hcal}, resp.). Two forward calorimeters (\textsc{fcal}) ensure a larger geometric coverage for the measurement of the missing transverse energy. Finally, a muon system (\textsc{muon}) encloses the central detector volume
    132 The fast simulation of the detector response takes into account geometrical acceptance of sub-detectors and their finite resolution, as defined in the detector data card\footnote{\texttt{[code] }See the \texttt{RESOLution} class.}.
    133 If no such file is provided, predefined values based on ``typical'' \textsc{cms} acceptances and resolutions are used\footnote{\texttt{[code] }Detector and trigger cards for the \textsc{atlas} and \textsc{cms} experiments are also provided in \texttt{data/} directory.}. The geometrical coverage of the various subsystems used in the default configuration are summarised in Tab.~\ref{tab:defEta}.
     131The fast simulation of the detector response takes into account geometrical acceptance of sub-detectors and their finite resolution, as defined in the smearing data card\footnote{\texttt{[code] }See the \texttt{RESOLution} class.}.
     132If no such file is provided, predefined values based on ``typical'' \textsc{cms} acceptances and resolutions are used. The geometrical coverage of the various subsystems used in the default configuration are summarised in Tab.~\ref{tab:defEta}.
    134133
    135134\begin{table*}[t]
    … …  
    137136\caption{Default extension in pseudorapidity $\eta$ of the different subdetectors.
    138137Full azimuthal ($\phi$) acceptance is assumed.
    139 The corresponding parameter name, in the detector card, is given. \vspace{0.5cm}}
     138The corresponding parameter name, in the smearing card, is given. \vspace{0.5cm}}
    140139\begin{tabular}{llcc}
    141140\hline
    … …  
    165164
    166165\subsubsection*{Magnetic field}
    167 In addition to the subdetectors, the effects of a solenoidal magnetic field is simulated for the charged particles\footnote{\texttt{[code] }See the \texttt{TrackPropagation} class.}. This affects the position at which charged particles enter the calorimeters and their corresponding tracks.
     166In addition to the subdetectors, the effects of a dipolar magnetic field is simulated for the charged particles\footnote{\texttt{[code] }See the \texttt{TrackPropagation} class.}. This affects the position at which charged particles enter the calorimeters.
    168167
    169168
    … …  
    171170\subsection{Tracks reconstruction}
    172171Every stable charged particle with a transverse momentum above some threshold and lying inside the detector volume covered by the tracker provides a track.
    173 By default, a track is assumed to be reconstructed with $90\%$ probability\footnote{\texttt{[code]} The reconstruction efficiency is defined in the detector datacard by the \texttt{TRACKING\_EFF} term.} if its transverse momentum $p_T$ is higher than $0.9~\textrm{GeV}/c$ and if its pseudorapidity $|\eta| \leq 2.5$.
     172By default, a track is assumed to be reconstructed with $90\%$ probability\footnote{\texttt{[code]} The reconstruction efficiency is defined in the smearing datacard by the \texttt{TRACKING\_EFF} term.} if its transverse momentum $p_T$ is higher than $0.9~\textrm{GeV}/c$ and if its pseudorapidity $|\eta| \leq 2.5$.
    174173
    175174
    … …  
    187186The particle four-momentum $p^\mu$ are smeared with a parametrisation directly derived from typical detector technical designs\footnote{\texttt{[code] }~\cite{bib:cmsjetresolution,bib:ATLASresolution}. The response of the detector is applied to the electromagnetic and the hadronic particles through the \texttt{SmearElectron} and \texttt{SmearHadron} functions.}.
    188187In the default parametrisation, the calorimeter is assumed to cover the pseudorapidity range $|\eta|<3$ and consists in an electromagnetic and hadronic parts. Coverage between pseudorapidities of $3.0$ and $5.0$ is provided by forward calorimeters, with different response to electromagnetic objects ($e^\pm, \gamma$) or hadrons.
    189 Muons and neutrinos are assumed not to interact with the calorimeters\footnote{In the current \textsc{Delphes} version, particles other thand electrons ($e^\pm$), photons ($\gamma$), muons ($\mu^\pm$) and neutrinos ($\nu_e$, $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_\tau$) are simulated as hadrons for their interactions with the calorimeters. The simulation of stable particles beyond the Standard Model should therefore be handled with care.}.
     188Muons and neutrinos are assumed not to interact with the calorimeters\footnote{In the current \textsc{Delphes} version, particles other than electrons ($e^\pm$), photons ($\gamma$), muons ($\mu^\pm$) and neutrinos ($\nu_e$, $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_\tau$) are simulated as hadrons for their interactions with the calorimeters. The simulation of stable particles beyond the Standard Model should therefore be handled with care.}.
    190189The default values of the stochastic, noise and constant terms are given in Tab.~\ref{tab:defResol}.\\
    191190
    … …  
    193192\begin{center}
    194193\caption{Default values for the resolution of the central and forward calorimeters. Resolution is parametrised by the \textit{stochastic} ($S$), \textit{noise} ($N$) and \textit{constant} ($C$) terms (Eq.~\ref{eq:caloresolution}).
    195 The corresponding parameter name, in the detector card, is given. \vspace{0.5cm}}
     194The corresponding parameter name, in the smearing card, is given. \vspace{0.5cm}}
    196195\begin{tabular}[!h]{lllc}
    197196\hline
    … …  
    230229\end{equation}
    231230where $0 \leq F \leq 1$. The electromagnetic part is handled the same way for the electrons and photons.
    232 The resulting calorimetry energy measurement given after the application of the smearing is then $E = E_{\textsc{hcal}} + E_{\textsc{ecal}}$. For $K_S^0$ and $\Lambda$ hadrons\footnote{\texttt{[code]} To implement different ratios for other particles, see the \texttt{BlockClasses} class.}, the energy fraction is $F$ is assumed to be $0.7$.\\
     231The resulting calorimetry energy measurement given after the application of the smearing is then $E = E_{\textsc{hcal}} + E_{\textsc{ecal}}$. For $K_S^0$ and $\Lambda$ hadrons, the energy fraction is $F$ is assumed to be $0.7$.\\
    233232
    234233\subsection{Calorimetric towers}
    235234
    236235The smallest unit for geometrical sampling of the calorimeters is a \textit{tower}; it segments the $(\eta,\phi)$ plane for the energy measurement. No longitudinal segmentation is available in the simulated calorimeters. All undecayed particles, except muons and neutrinos deposit energy in a calorimetric tower, either in \textsc{ecal}, in \textsc{hcal} or \textsc{fcal}.
    237 As the detector is assumed to be cylindical (e.g. symmetric in $\phi$ and with respect to the $\eta=0$ plane), the detector card stores the number of calorimetric towers with $\phi=0$ and $\eta>0$ (default: $40$ towers). For a given $\eta$, the size of the $\phi$ segmentation is also specified. Fig.~\ref{fig:calosegmentation} illustrates the default segmentation of the $(\eta,\phi)$ plane.
     236As the detector is assumed to be cylindical (e.g. symmetric in $\phi$ and with respect to the $\eta=0$ plane), the smearing card stores the number of calorimetric towers with $\phi=0$ and $\eta>0$ (default: $40$ towers). For a given $\eta$, the size of the $\phi$ segmentation is also specified. Fig.~\ref{fig:calosegmentation} illustrates the default segmentation of the $(\eta,\phi)$ plane.
    238237
    239238\begin{figure}[!h]
    … …  
    245244\end{figure}
    246245
    247 The calorimetric towers directly enter in the calculation of the missing transverse energy (\textsc{met}), and as input for the jet reconstruction algorithms. No sharing between neighbouring towers is implemented when particles enter a tower very close to its geometrical edge. Smearing is applied directly on the accumulated electromagnetic and hadronic energies of each calorimetric tower.
     246The calorimetric towers directly enter in the calculation of the missing transverse energy (\textsc{met}), and as input for the jet reconstruction algorithms. No sharing between neighbouring towers is implemented when particles enter a tower very close to its geometrical edge.
    248247
    249248\subsection{Very forward detectors simulation}
    … …  
    307306\subsection{Photon and charged lepton reconstruction}
    308307From here onwards, \textit{electrons} refer to both positrons ($e^+$) and electrons ($e^-$), and $\textit{charged leptons}$ refer to electrons and muons ($\mu^\pm$), leaving out the $\tau^\pm$ leptons as they decay before being detected.
    309 
    310308\subsubsection*{Electrons and photons}
    311309Electron ($e^\pm$) and photon candidates are reconstructed if they fall into the acceptance of the tracking system and have a transverse momentum above a threshold (default $p_T > 10~\textrm{GeV}/c$). A calorimetric tower will be seen in the detector, an electrons will leave in addition a track. Subsequently, electrons and photons create a candidate in the jet collection.
    312 Assuming a good measurement of the track parameters in the real experiment, the electron energy can be reasonably recovered. In \textsc{Delphes}, electron energy is smeared according to the resolution of the calorimetric tower where it points to, but independently from any other deposited energy is this tower. This approach is still conservative as the calorimeter resolution is worse than the tracker one.
    313310
    314311\subsubsection*{Muons}
     312
    315313Generator-level muons entering the detector acceptance are considered as candidates for the analysis level.
    316314The acceptance is defined in terms of a transverse momentum threshold to be overpassed that should be computed using the chosen geometry of the detector and the magnetic field considered (default : $p_T > 10~\textrm{GeV}/c$) and of the pseudorapidity coverage of the muon system (default: $-2.4 \leq \eta \leq 2.4$).
    317 The application of the detector resolution on the muon momentum depends on a Gaussian smearing of the $p_T$ variable\footnote{\texttt{[code]} See the \texttt{SmearMuon} method.}. Neither $\eta$ nor $\phi$ variables are modified beyond the calorimeters: no additional magnetic field is applied. Multiple scattering is neglected. This implies that low energy muons have in \textsc{Delphes} a better resolution than in a real detector. Furthermore, muons leave no deposit in calorimeters.
     315The application of the detector resolution on the muon momentum depends on a Gaussian smearing of the $p_T$ variable\footnote{\texttt{[code]} See the \texttt{SmearMuon} method.}. Neither $\eta$ nor $\phi$ variables are modified beyond the calorimeters: no additional magnetic field is applied. In addition, multiple scattering is also neglected. This implies that low energy muons have in \textsc{Delphes} a better resolution than in a real detector. Moreover, muons leave no deposit in calorimeters.
    318316
    319317\subsubsection*{Charged lepton isolation}
    320318
    321 To improve the quality of the contents of the charged lepton collections, additional criteria can be applied such as isolation. This requires that electron or muon candidates are isolated in the detector from any other particle, within a small cone. In \textsc{Delphes}, charged lepton isolation demands that there is no other charged particle with $p_T>2~\textrm{GeV}/c$ within a cone of $\Delta R = \sqrt{\Delta \eta^2 + \Delta \phi^2} <0.5$ around the lepton.
    322 The result (i.e. \textit{isolated} or \textit{not}) is added to the charged lepton measured properties.
    323 In addition, the sum $P_T$ of the transverse momenta of all tracks but the lepton one within the isolation cone is
    324 provided\footnote{\texttt{[code] }See the \texttt{IsolFlag} and \texttt{IsolPt} values in the \texttt{Electron} or \texttt{Muon} collections in the \texttt{Analysis} tree, as well as the \texttt{ISOL\_PT} and \texttt{ISOL\_Cone} variables in the detector card.}:
    325 $$ P_T = \sum_{i \neq \mu}^\textrm{tracks} p_T(i)$$
    326 
    327 No calorimetric isolation is applied, but the muon collection contains also the ratio $\rho_\mu$ between (1) the sum of the transverse energies in all calotowers in a $N \times N$ grid around the muon, and (2) the muon transverse
    328 momentum\footnote{\texttt{[code] }Calorimetric isolation parameters in the detector card are \texttt{ISOL\_Calo\_ET} and  \texttt{ISOL\_Calo\_Grid}.}:
    329 $$ \rho_\mu = \frac{\Sigma_i E_T(i)}{p_T(\mu)}~,~ i\textrm{ in }N \times N \textrm { grid centered on }\mu.$$
     319To improve the quality of the contents of the charged lepton collections, additional criteria can be applied such as isolation. This requires that electron or muon candidates are isolated in the detector from any other particle, within a small cone. In \textsc{Delphes}, charged lepton isolation demands that there is no other charged particle with $p_T>2~\textrm{GeV}/c$ within a cone of $\Delta R = \sqrt{\Delta \eta^2 + \Delta \phi^2} <0.5$ around the lepton. The result (i.e. \textit{isolated} or \textit{not}) is added to the charged lepton measured properties\footnote{\texttt{[code] }See the \texttt{IsolFlag} output of the \texttt{Electron} or \texttt{Muon} collections in the \texttt{Analysis} tree.}. No calorimetric isolation is applied. \\
     320
    330321
    331322
    … …  
    337328
    338329A realistic analysis requires a correct treatment of particles which have hadronised. Therefore, the most widely currently used jet algorithms have been integrated into the \textsc{Delphes} framework using the \textsc{FastJet} tools~\cite{bib:FastJet}.
    339 Six different jet reconstruction schemes are available\footnote{\texttt{[code] }The choice is done by allocating the \texttt{JET\_jetalgo } input parameter in the detector card.}. The first three belong to the cone algorithm class while the last three are using a sequential recombination scheme. For all of them, the towers are used as input for the jet clustering. Jet algorithms differ in their sensitivity to soft particles or collinear splittings, and in their computing speed performances.
     330Six different jet reconstruction schemes are available\footnote{\texttt{[code] }The choice is done by allocating the \texttt{JET\_jetalgo } input parameter in the smearing card.}. The first three belong to the cone algorithm class while the last three are using a sequential recombination scheme. For all of them, the towers are used as input for the jet clustering. Jet algorithms differ in their sensitivity to soft particles or collinear splittings, and in their computing speed performances.
    340331By default, reconstruction uses a cone algorithm with $\Delta R=0.7$.
    341 Jets are stored if their transverse energy is higher\footnote{\texttt{[code] PTCUT\_jet }variable in the detector card.} than $20~\textrm{GeV}$.
     332Jets are stored if their transverse energy is higher\footnote{\texttt{[code] PTCUT\_jet }variable in the smearing card.} than $20~\textrm{GeV}$.
    342333 
    343334\subsubsection*{Cone algorithms}
    … …  
    349340All towers with a transverse energy $E_T$ higher than a given threshold (default: $E_T > 1~\textrm{GeV}$) are used to seed the jet candidates.
    350341The existing \textsc{FastJet} code has been modified to allow easy modification of the tower pattern in $\eta$, $\phi$ space.
    351 In the following versions of \textsc{Delphes}, a new dedicated plug-in will be created on this purpose\footnote{\texttt{[code] }\texttt{JET\_coneradius} and \texttt{JET\_seed} variables in the detector card.}.
     342In the following versions of \textsc{Delphes}, a new dedicated plug-in will be created on this purpose\footnote{\texttt{[code] }\texttt{JET\_coneradius} and \texttt{JET\_seed} variables in the smearing card.}.
    352343 
    353344\item {\it CDF MidPoint}~\cite{bib:midpoint}: Algorithm developed for the \textsc{cdf} Run II to reduce infrared and collinear sensitivity compared to purely seed-based cone by adding `midpoints' (energy barycentres) in the list of cone seeds.
    … …  
    394385\subsection{$b$-tagging}
    395386
    396 A jet is tagged as $b$-jets if its direction lies in the acceptance of the tracker and if it is associated to a parent $b$-quark. By default, a $b$-tagging efficiency of $40\%$ is assumed if the jet has a parent $b$ quark. For $c$-jets and light jets (i.e. originating in $u$,$d$,$s$ quarks or in gluons), a fake $b$-tagging efficiency of $10 \%$ and $1 \%$ respectively is assumed\footnote{\texttt{[code] }Corresponding to the \texttt{BTAG\_b}, \texttt{BTAG\_mistag\_c} and \texttt{BTAG\_mistag\_l} constants, for (respectively) the efficiency of tagging of a $b$-jet, the efficiency of mistagging a $c$-jet as a $b$-jet, and the efficiency of mistagging a light jet ($u$,$d$,$s$,$g$) as a $b$-jet.}.
     387A jet is tagged as $b$-jets if its direction lies in the acceptance of the tracker and if it is associated to a parent $b$-quark. By default, a $b$-tagging efficiency of $40\%$ is assumed if the jet has a parent $b$ quark. For $c$-jets and light jets (i.e. originating in $u$,$d$,$s$ quarks or in gluons), a fake $b$-tagging efficiency of $10 \%$ and $1 \%$ respectively is assumed\footnote{\texttt{[code] }Corresponding to the \texttt{TAGGING\_B}, \texttt{MISTAGGING\_C} and \texttt{MISTAGGING\_L} constants, for (respectively) the efficiency of tagging of a $b$-jet, the efficiency of mistagging a $c$-jet as a $b$-jet, and the efficiency of mistagging a light jet ($u$,$d$,$s$,$g$) as a $b$-jet.}
     388%(Fig.~\ref{fig:btag})
     389.
    397390The (mis)tagging relies on the true particle identity (\textsc{pid}) of the most energetic particle within a cone around the observed $(\eta,\phi)$ region, with a radius equal to the one used to reconstruct the jet (default: $\Delta R$ of $0.7$).
     391
     392%\begin{figure}[!h]
     393%\begin{center}
     394%\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{btag}
     395%\caption{Default efficiency of $b$-tag for jets coming from $b$ quarks, $c$ quarks and from other particles (jets from gluons or $u$, $d$ and $s$ quarks).}
     396%\label{fig:btag}
     397%\end{center}
     398%\end{figure}
     399
    398400
    399401\subsection{\texorpdfstring{$\tau$}{\texttau} identification}
    … …  
    526528Most of the usual trigger algorithms select events containing objects (i.e. jets, particles, \textsc{met}) with an energy scale above some threshold. This is often expressed in terms of a cut on the transverse momentum of one or several objects of the measured event. Logical combinations of several conditions are also possible. For instance, a trigger path could select events containing at least one jet and one electron such as $p_T^\textrm{jet} > 100~\textrm{GeV}/c$ and $p_T^e > 50~\textrm{GeV}/c$.
    527529
    528 A trigger emulation is included in \textsc{Delphes}, using a fully parametrisable \textit{trigger table}\footnote{\texttt{[code] }The trigger card is the \texttt{data/TriggerCard.dat} file.}. When enabled, this trigger is applied on analysis-object data.
     530A trigger emulation is included in \textsc{Delphes}, using a fully parametrisable \textit{trigger table}\footnote{\texttt{[code] }The trigger card is the \texttt{data/trigger.dat} file.}. When enabled, this trigger is applied on analysis-object data.
    529531In a real experiment, the online selection is often divided into several steps (or \textit{levels}).
    530532This splits the overall reduction factor into a product of smaller factors, corresponding to the different trigger levels.
    … …  
    606608The resolution $\sigma_x$ of the horizontal component of \textsc{met} is observed to behave like
    607609\begin{equation}
    608 \sigma_x = \alpha ~\sqrt{E_T}~~~(\mathrm{GeV}^{1/2}),
     610\sigma_x = \alpha ~\sqrt(E_T) ~~~(\mathrm{GeV}^{1/2}),
    609611\end{equation}
    610612where the $\alpha$ parameter depends on the resolution of the calorimeters.
    611613
    612 The \textsc{met} resolution expected for the \textsc{cms} detector for similar events is $\sigma_x = (0.6-0.7) ~ \sqrt{E_T} ~ \mathrm{GeV}^{1/2}$ with no pile-up\footnote{\textit{Pile-up} events are extra simultaneous $pp$ collision occurring at high-luminosity in the same bunch crossing.}~\cite{bib:cmsjetresolution}, which compares very well with the $\alpha = 0.68$ obtained with \textsc{Delphes}.
     614The \textsc{met} resolution expected for the \textsc{cms} detector for similar events is $\sigma_x = (0.6-0.7) ~ \sqrt(E_T) ~ \mathrm{GeV}^{1/2}$ with no pile-up\footnote{\textit{Pile-up} events are extra simultaneous $pp$ collision occurring at high-luminosity in the same bunch crossing.}~\cite{bib:cmsjetresolution}, which compares very well with the $\alpha = 0.68$ obtained with \textsc{Delphes}.
    613615
    614616\subsection{\texorpdfstring{$\tau$}{\texttau}-jet efficiency}
    … …  
    645647% The outer layer of the central system (red) consist of a muon system.
    646648% In addition, two end-cap calorimeters (blue) extend the pseudorapidity coverage of the central detector.
    647 % The actual detector granularity and extension is defined in the detector card.
     649% The actual detector granularity and extension is defined in the smearing card.
    648650% The detector is assumed to be strictly symmetric around the beam axis (black line).
    649651% Additional forward detectors are not depicted.}
    … …  
    753755P. Demin, (2006), unpublished. Now part of \textsc{MadGraph/MadEvent}.
    754756\bibitem{bib:cmsjetresolution} The CMS Collaboration, \textbf{CERN/LHCC} \\ \href{http://documents.cern.ch/cgi-bin/setlink?base=lhcc&categ=public&id=lhcc-2006-001}{2006-001}.
    755 \bibitem{bib:ATLASresolution} The ATLAS Collaboration, \textbf{CERN-OPEN} 2008-020, arXiv:\href{http://arxiv.org/abs/arxiv:0901.0512}{0901.0512v1}[hep-ex].
     757\bibitem{bib:ATLASresolution} The ATLAS Collaboration, \\ arXiv:\href{http://arxiv.org/abs/arxiv:0901.0512}{0901.0512v1}[hep-ex].
    756758\bibitem{bib:Hector} %\textsc{Hector}, \textit{a fast simulator for the transport of particles in beamlines},
    757759X. Rouby, J. de Favereau, K. Piotrzkowski, \textbf{JINST} \href{http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1748-0221/2/09/P09005}{2 P09005 (2007)}.
    … …  
    781783\bibitem{bib:papierquisortirajamais}J. de Favereau~et~al, \textbf{CP3-08-04} (2008), to be published in EPJ.
    782784
    783 \bibitem{bib:papiersimon} ``Phenomenology of a twisted two-Higgs-doublet model'', Simon de Visscher, Jean-Marc Gerard, Michel Herquet, Vincent Lema\^itre, Fabio Maltoni, to be published.
     785\bibitem{bib:papiersimon} "Phenomenology of a twisted two-Higgs-doublet model", Simon de Visscher, Jean-Marc Gerard, Michel Herquet, Vincent Lemaitre, Fabio Maltoni, to be published.
    784786
    785787\bibitem{bib:mcfio} P. Lebrun, L. Garren, Copyright (c) 1994-1995 Universities Research Association, Inc.
    … …  
    793795\section{User manual}
    794796 
    795 The available \texttt{C++}-code is compressed in a zipped tar file which contains with everything needed to run the \textsc{Delphes} package, assuming a running \textsc{root} installation.
    796 The package includes \texttt{ExRootAnalysis}~\cite{bib:ExRootAnalysis}, \textsc{Hector}~\cite{bib:Hector},
    797 \textsc{FastJet}~\cite{bib:FastJet}, and \textsc{Frog}~\cite{bib:Frog}, as well as the conversion codes to read standard \mbox{\textsc{s}td\textsc{hep}} input files (\texttt{mcfio} and \texttt{stdhep})~\cite{bib:mcfio}.
     797The available \texttt{C++}-code is compressed in a zipped tar file which contains everything needed to run the \textsc{Delphes} package, assuming a running \textsc{root} installation. The package includes \texttt{ExRootAnalysis}~\cite{bib:ExRootAnalysis}, \textsc{Hector}~\cite{bib:Hector}, \textsc{FastJet}~\cite{bib:FastJet}, and \textsc{Frog}~\cite{bib:Frog}, as well as the conversion codes to read standard \mbox{\textsc{s}td\textsc{hep}} input files (\texttt{mcfio} and \texttt{stdhep})~\cite{bib:mcfio}.
    798798In order to visualise the events with the \textsc{Frog} software, a few additional external libraries may be required, as explained in \href{http://projects.hepforge.org/frog/}{http://projects.hepforge.org/frog/}.
    799799 
    … …  
    812812\end{verbatim}
    813813\end{quote}
    814 Due to the large number of external utilities, the number of printed lines during the compilation can be high.
    815 The user should not pay attention to possible warning messages.
    816 When compilation is completed, the following message is printed:
     814Due to the large number of external utilities, the number of printed lines during the compilation can be high. The user should not pay attention to possible warning messages. When compilation is completed, the following message is printed:
    817815\begin{quote}
    818816\begin{verbatim}
    … …  
    824822\subsection{Running \textsc{Delphes} on your events}
    825823 
    826 In this sub-appendix, we will explain how to use \textsc{Delphes} to perform a fast simulation of a general-purpose detector on your event files. The first step to use \textsc{Delphes} is to create the list of input event files (e.g. {\verb inputlist.list }). It is important to novice that all the files comprised in the list file should have the same of extension (\texttt{*.hep}, \texttt{*.lhe} or \texttt{*.root}). In the simplest way to run \textsc{Delphes}, you need this input file and you need to specify the name of the output file that will contain the generator-level data (\texttt{GEN} tree), the analysis data objects after reconstruction (\texttt{Analysis} tree), and the results of the trigger emulation (\texttt{Trigger} tree).
     824In this sub-appendix, we will explain how to use \textsc{Delphes} to perform a fast simulation of a general-purpose detector on your event files. The first step to use \textsc{Delphes} is to create the list of input event files (e.g. {\verb inputlist.list }). It is important to notice that all the files comprised in the list file should have the same of extension (\texttt{*.hep}, \texttt{*.lhe} or \texttt{*.root}). In the simplest way to run \textsc{Delphes}, you need this input file and you need to specify the name of the output file that will contain the generator-level data (\texttt{GEN} tree), the analysis data objects after reconstruction (\texttt{Analysis} tree), and the results of the trigger emulation (\texttt{Trigger} tree).
    827825 
    828826\begin{quote}
    … …  
    834832\subsubsection{Setting up the configuration}
    835833 
    836 The program is driven by two datacards (default cards are {\verb data/DetectorCard.dat } and {\verb data/TriggerCard.dat }) which allow the user to choose among a large spectrum of running conditions.
    837 Please note that if the user does not provide these two datacards, the running will be done using the default parameters defined in the constructor of the class \texttt{RESOLution} (see next). If you choose a different detector or running configuration, you will need to edit the datacards accordingly.
     834The program is driven by two datacards (default cards are {\verb data/DetectorCard.dat } and {\verb data/TriggerCard.dat }) which allow the user to choose among a large spectrum of running conditions. Please note that if the user does not provide these datacards, the running will be done using the default parameters defined in the constructor of the class \texttt{RESOLution} (see next). If you choose a different detector or running configuration, you will need to edit the datacards accordingly.
    838835 
    839836\begin{enumerate}
    … …  
    841838\item{\bf The detector card }
    842839
    843 The \textit{detector} or \textit{smearing} card is by default \texttt{data/DataCard.dat}.
    844840It contains all pieces of information needed to run \textsc{Delphes}:
    845841\begin{itemize}
    846  \item detector parameters, including calorimeter and tracking coverage and resolution, transverse energy thresholds for object reconstruction and jet algorithm parameters.
    847  \item four flags ({\verb FLAG_bfield }, {\verb FLAG_vfd }, {\verb FLAG_trigger } and {\verb FLAG_frog }), should be set in order to configure the magnetic field propagation, the very forward detectors simulation, the trigger selection and the preparation for \textsc{Frog} display (respectively).
     842 \item detector parameters, including calorimeter and tracking coverage and resolutions, transverse energy thresholds for object reconstruction and jet algorithm parameters.
     843 \item six flags ({\verb FLAG_bfield }, {\verb FLAG_vfd }, {\verb FLAG_RP }, {\verb FLAG_trigger }, {\verb FLAG_frog } and {\verb FLAG_lhco }), should be set in order to configure the magnetic field propagation, the very forward detectors simulation, the use of very forward taggers, the trigger selection, the preparation for \textsc{Frog} display and the creation of an output file in *.lhco text format (respectively).
    848844 \end{itemize}
    849845 
    … …  
    859855# Energy resolution for electron/photon
    860856# \sigma/E = C + N/E + S/\sqrt{E}, E in GeV
    861 ELG_Scen          0.05     // S term for central ECAL
    862 ELG_Ncen          0.25     // N term for central ECAL
    863 ELG_Ccen          0.005    // C term for central ECAL
    864 ELG_Cfwd          0.107    // S term for FCAL
    865 ELG_Sfwd          2.084    // C term for FCAL
    866 ELG_Nfwd          0.0      // N term for FCAL
    867  
     857ELG_Scen          0.05              // S term for central ECAL
     858ELG_Ncen          0.25              // N term for central ECAL
     859ELG_Ccen          0.005             // C term for central ECAL
     860ELG_Sfwd          2.084             // S term for FCAL
     861ELG_Nfwd          0.0               // N term for FCAL
     862ELG_Cfwd          0.107             // C term for FCAL
     863
    868864# Energy resolution for hadrons in ecal/hcal/hf
    869865# \sigma/E = C + N/E + S/\sqrt{E}, E in GeV
    … …  
    906902### the list ends with the phi-size of the most forward tower
    907903### there should be NTOWER values
    908 #TOWER_dphi 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 10
     904TOWER_dphi 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 10
    909905           10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20
    910906 
    … …  
    915911PTCUT_gamma      10.0
    916912PTCUT_taujet     10.0
    917  
     913
     914# Charged lepton isolation. Pt and Et in GeV
     915ISOL_PT          2.0      //minimal pt of tracks for isolation criteria
     916ISOL_Cone        0.5      //Cone  for isolation criteria
     917ISOL_Calo_ET     2.0      //minimal tower transverse energy for isolation criteria. 1E99 means "off"
     918ISOL_Calo_Cone   0.4      //Cone for calorimetric isolation
     919ISOL_Calo_Grid   3        //Grid size (N x N) for calorimetric isolation
     920
    918921# General jet variable
    919 JET_coneradius   0.7      // generic jet radius
    920 JET_jetalgo      1        // Jet algorithm selection
    921 JET_seed         1.0      // minimum seed to start jet reconstruction, in GeV
    922  
     922JET_coneradius   0.7            // generic jet radius
     923JET_jetalgo      1              // 1 for Cone algorithm,
     924                                // 2 for MidPoint algorithm,
     925                                // 3 for SIScone algorithm,
     926                                // 4 for kt algorithm
     927                                // 5 for Cambridge/Aachen algorithm
     928                                // 6 for anti-kt algorithm
     929JET_seed         1.0            // minimum seed to start jet reconstruction, in GeV
     930
    923931# Tagging definition
    924932BTAG_b           40      // b-tag efficiency (%)
    … …  
    927935 
    928936# FLAGS
    929 FLAG_bfield      0        // 1 to run the bfield propagation else 0
    930 FLAG_vfd         1        // 1 to run the very forward detectors else 0
    931 FLAG_trigger     1        // 1 to run the trigger selection else 0
    932 FLAG_frog        1        // 1 to run the FROG event display
    933  
     937FLAG_bfield      1                       //1 to run the bfield propagation else 0
     938FLAG_vfd         1                       //1 to run the very forward detectors else 0
     939FLAG_RP          1                       //1 to run the very forward detectors else 0
     940FLAG_trigger     1                       //1 to run the trigger selection else 0
     941FLAG_frog        1                       //1 to run the FROG event display
     942FLAG_lhco        1                       //1 to run the LHCO
     943
    934944# In case BField propagation allowed
    935945TRACK_radius      129     // radius of the BField coverage, in cm
    … …  
    938948TRACK_bfield_y    0       // Y component of the BField, in T
    939949TRACK_bfield_z    3.8     // Z component of the BFieldn in T
    940  
     950
    941951# Very forward detector extension, in pseudorapidity
    942952# if allowed
    943 VFD_min_calo_vfd  5.2     // very forward calorimeter (if any) like CASTOR
     953VFD_min_calo_vfd  5.2                   // very forward calorimeter (if any) like CASTOR
    944954VFD_max_calo_vfd  6.6
    945 VFD_min_zdc       8.3     // zero-degree neutral calorimeter
    946 VFD_s_zdc         140     // distance of the ZDC, from the IP, in [m]
    947  
    948 RP_220_s          220     // distance of the RP to the IP, in meters
    949 RP_220_x          0.002   // distance of the RP to the beam, in meters
    950 RP_420_s          420     // distance of the RP to the IP, in meters
    951 RP_420_x          0.004   // distance of the RP to the beam, in meters
    952  
     955VFD_min_zdc       8.3                   // zero-degree neutral calorimeter
     956VFD_s_zdc         140                   // distance of the Zero Degree Calorimeter, from the IP, in [m]
     957
     958RP_220_s          220                   // distance of the RP to the IP, in meters
     959RP_220_x          0.002                 // distance of the RP to the beam, in meters
     960RP_420_s          420                   // distance of the RP to the IP, in meters
     961RP_420_x          0.004                 // distance of the RP to the beam, in meters
     962RP_beam1Card      data/LHCB1IR5_v6.500.tfs
     963RP_beam2Card      data/LHCB2IR5_v6.500.tfs
     964RP_IP_name        IP5
     965
    953966# In case FROG event display allowed
    954967NEvents_Frog      100
    … …  
    962975 
    963976This card contains the definitions of all trigger-bits. Cuts can be applied on the transverse momentum $p_T$ of electrons, muons, jets, $\tau$-jets, photons and the missing transverse energy. The following codes should be used so that \textsc{Delphes} can correctly translate the input list of trigger-bits into selection algorithms:
    964  
     977
    965978\begin{quote}
    966979\begin{tabular}{ll}
    967980{\it Trigger code} & {\it Corresponding object}\\
    968981{\verb ELEC_PT } & electron \\
     982{\verb IElec_PT } & isolated electron \\
    969983{\verb MUON_PT } & muon \\
     984{\verb IMuon_PT } & isolated muon \\
    970985{\verb JET_PT } & jet \\
    971 {\verb TAUJET_PT } & $\tau$-jet \\
     986{\verb TAU_PT } & $\tau$-jet \\
    972987{\verb ETMIS_PT } & missing transverse energy \\
    973988{\verb GAMMA_PT } & photon \\
     989{\verb Bjet_PT } & $b$-jet \\
    974990\end{tabular}
    975991\end{quote}
    976992 
    977993Each line in the trigger datacard is allocated to exactly one trigger-bit and starts with the name of the corresponding trigger.
    978 Logical combination of several conditions is also possible.
    979 If the trigger-bit requires the presence of multiple identical objects, the order of their $p_T$ thresholds is very important: they must be defined in \textit{decreasing} order. Finally, the different requirements on the objects must be separated by a {\verb && } flag.
     994Logical combination of several conditions is also possible. If the trigger-bit requires the presence of multiple identical objects, the order of their $p_T$ thresholds is very important: they must be defined in \textit{decreasing} order. Finally, the different requirements on the objects must be separated by a {\verb && } flag.
    980995The default trigger card can be found in the data repository of \textsc{Delphes} (\texttt{data/TriggerCard.dat}).
    981996An example of trigger table consistent with the previous rules is given here:
    … …  
    9911006\subsubsection{Running the code}
    9921007 
    993 First, create the detector and trigger cards (\texttt{data/mydetector.dat} and \texttt{data/myTriggerCard.dat}). \\
     1008First, create the detector and trigger cards (\texttt{data/DetectorCard.dat} and \texttt{data/TriggerCard.dat}). \\
    9941009Then, create a text file containing the list of input files that will be used by \textsc{Delphes} (with extension \texttt{*.lhe}, \texttt{*.root} or \texttt{*.hep}).
    9951010To run the code, type the following command (in one line)
    … …  
    9971012\begin{verbatim}
    9981013me@mylaptop:~$ ./Delphes inputlist.list OutputRootFileName.root
    999                          data/mydetector.dat data/myTriggerCard.dat
     1014                         data/DetectorCard.dat data/TriggerCard.dat
    10001015\end{verbatim}
    10011016\end{quote}
    … …  
    10241039\begin{tabular}{lll}
    10251040{\bf GEN \textsc{tree}} & &\\
    1026 ~~~Particle & generator particles from \textsc{hepevt}     & {\verb TRootGenParticle }\\
     1041~~~Particle & generator particles from \textsc{hepevt}     & {\verb GenParticle }\\
    10271042{\bf Trigger  } & &\\
    10281043~~~TrigResult & Acceptance of different trigger-bits       & {\verb TRootTrigger }\\
    … …  
    10311046\begin{quote}
    10321047\begin{tabular}{lll}
     1048
    10331049{\bf Analysis \textsc{tree}} & & \\
    10341050~~~Tracks     & Collection of tracks                       & {\verb TRootTracks }\\
    … …  
    10371053~~~Photon     & Collection of photons                      & {\verb TRootPhoton }\\
    10381054~~~Muon       & Collection of muons                        & {\verb TRootMuon }\\
    1039 ~~~Jet        & Collection of jets                            & {\verb TRootJet }\\
     1055~~~Jet        & Collection of jets                         & {\verb TRootJet }\\
    10401056~~~TauJet     & Collection of jets tagged as $\tau$-jets   & {\verb TRootTauJet }\\
    10411057~~~ETmis      & Transverse missing energy information      & {\verb TRootETmis }\\
    … …  
    10461062\end{quote}
    10471063The third column shows the names of the corresponding classes to be written in a \textsc{root} tree.
    1048 All classes except \texttt{TRootTrigger}, \texttt{TRootETmis} and \texttt{TRootRomanPotHits} inherit from the class \texttt{TRootParticle} which includes the following data members (stored as \textit{leaves} in \textit{branches} of the \textit{trees}):
     1064All classes except \texttt{TRootTracks}, \texttt{TRootCalo}, \texttt{TRootTrigger}, \texttt{TRootETmis} and \texttt{TRootRomanPotHits} inherit from the class \texttt{TRootParticle} which includes the following data members (stored as \textit{leaves} in \textit{branches} of the \textit{trees}):
    10491065\begin{quote}
    10501066\begin{tabular}{ll}
    … …  
    10761092   \texttt{~~~float Z;      }&\texttt{ // particle vertex position (z component, in mm) }\\
    10771093   \texttt{~~~float M;      }&\texttt{ // particle mass in GeV$/c^2$}\\
    1078 \end{tabular}
    1079 \end{quote}
    1080 \begin{quote}
    1081 \begin{tabular}{ll}
     1094&\\
    10821095\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Additional leaves in \texttt{Electron} and \texttt{Muon} branches}} \\
    1083    \texttt{~~~int Charge } &\\
    1084    \texttt{~~~bool IsolFlag } &\\
     1096   \texttt{~~~int Charge }    &\texttt{ // particle Charge }\\
     1097   \texttt{~~~bool IsolFlag } &\texttt{ // stores the result of the tracking isolation test }\\
     1098   \texttt{~~~float EtaCalo } &\texttt{ // particle pseudorapidity when entering the calo }\\
     1099   \texttt{~~~float PhiCalo } &\texttt{ // particle azimuthal angle in rad when entering the calo }\\
     1100   \texttt{~~~float EHoverEE }&\texttt{ // hadronic energy over electromagnetic energy }\\
     1101   \texttt{~~~float EtRatio } &\texttt{ // calo Et in NxN-tower grid around the muon over the muon Et }\\
    10851102& \\
    10861103\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Additional leaf in the \texttt{Jet} branch}}  \\
    1087    \texttt{~~~bool Btag } &\\
     1104   \texttt{~~~bool Btag }  &\texttt{ // stores the result of the b-tagging }\\
     1105   \texttt{~~~int NTracks }&\texttt{ // number of tracks asociated to the jet }\\
     1106   \texttt{~~~float EHoverEE }&\texttt{ // hadronic energy over electromagnetic energy }\\
    10881107& \\
    10891108\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Additional leaves in the \texttt{ZDChits} branch}}\\
    1090    \texttt{~~~float T;        }&\texttt{ // time of flight  in s }\\
    1091    \texttt{~~~int side;      }&\texttt{ // -1 or +1 }\\
     1109   \texttt{~~~float T } &\texttt{ // time of flight  in s }\\
     1110   \texttt{~~~int side }&\texttt{ // -1 or +1 }\\
     1111\end{tabular}
     1112\end{quote}
     1113\begin{quote}
     1114\begin{tabular}{ll}
     1115\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Leaves in the \texttt{Tracks} branch}}\\
     1116    \texttt{~~~float Eta }     &\texttt{ // pseudorapidity at the beginning of the track }\\
     1117    \texttt{~~~float Phi }     &\texttt{ // azimuthal angle at the beginning of the track }\\
     1118    \texttt{~~~float EtaOuter }&\texttt{ // pseudorapidity at the end of the track }\\
     1119    \texttt{~~~float PhiOuter }&\texttt{ // azimuthal angle at the end of the track }\\
     1120    \texttt{~~~float PT }      &\texttt{ // track transverse momentum in GeV$/c$ }\\
     1121    \texttt{~~~float E }       &\texttt{ // track energy in GeV }\\
     1122    \texttt{~~~float Px }      &\texttt{ // track momentum vector (x component) in GeV$/c$ }\\
     1123    \texttt{~~~float Py }      &\texttt{ // track momentum vector (x component) in GeV$/c$ }\\
     1124    \texttt{~~~float Pz }      &\texttt{ // track momentum vector (x component) in GeV$/c$ }\\
     1125    \texttt{~~~float Charge }  &\texttt{ // track charge }\\
     1126& \\
     1127\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Leaves in the \texttt{CaloTower} branch}}\\
     1128    \texttt{~~~float Eta }     &\texttt{ // pseudorapidity of the tower }\\
     1129    \texttt{~~~float Phi }     &\texttt{ // azimuthal angle of the tower in rad }\\
     1130    \texttt{~~~float E }       &\texttt{ // tower energy in GeV }\\
     1131    \texttt{~~~float E\_em }   &\texttt{ // electromagnetic component of the tower energy in GeV}\\
     1132    \texttt{~~~float E\_had }  &\texttt{ // hadronic component of the tower energy in GeV}\\
     1133    \texttt{~~~float ET }      &\texttt{ // tower transverse energy in GeV }\\
     1134& \\
     1135\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Leaves in the \texttt{ETmis} branch}}\\
     1136    \texttt{~~~float Phi }     &\texttt{ // azimuthal angle of the transverse missing energy in rad }\\
     1137    \texttt{~~~float ET }      &\texttt{ // transverse missing energy in GeV }\\
     1138    \texttt{~~~float Px }      &\texttt{ // x component of the transverse missing energy in GeV }\\
     1139    \texttt{~~~float Py }      &\texttt{ // y vomponent of the transverse missing energy in GeV }\\
    10921140\end{tabular}
    10931141\end{quote}
    … …  
    11711219 
    11721220\subsubsection{Adding the trigger information}
    1173 The \texttt{Examples/Trigger\_Only.cpp} code permits to run the trigger selection separately from the general detector simulation on output \textsc{Delphes} root files.
    1174 A \textsc{Delphes} root file is mandatory as an input argument for the \texttt{Trigger\_Only} routine.
    1175 The new \textit{tree} containing the trigger result data will be appended to this file.
     1221The \texttt{Examples/Trigger\_Only.cpp} code permits to run the trigger selection separately from the general detector simulation on output \textsc{Delphes} root files. A \textsc{Delphes} root file is mandatory as an input argument for the \texttt{Trigger\_Only} routine. The new \textit{tree} containing the trigger result data will be appended to this file.
    11761222The trigger datacard is also necessary. To run the code:
    11771223 \begin{quote}
    … …  
    11841230 
    11851231\begin{itemize}
    1186 \item If the { \verb FLAG_frog } was switched on in the detector card, two files have been created during the running of \textsc{Delphes}: {\verb DelphesToFrog.vis } and {\verb DelphesToFrog.geom }. They contain all the needed pieces of information to run \textsc{frog}.
     1232\item If the { \verb FLAG_frog } was switched on in the smearing card, two files have been created during the running of \textsc{Delphes}: {\verb DelphesToFrog.vis } and {\verb DelphesToFrog.geom }. They contain all the needed pieces of information to run \textsc{frog}.
    11871233\item To display the events and the geometry, you first need to compile \textsc{Frog}. Go to the {\verb Utilities/FROG } and type {\verb make }. This compilation is done once for all, with this geometry (i.e. as long as the \texttt{*vis} and \texttt{*geom} files do not change).
    11881234\item Go back into the main directory and type
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