[[PageOutline]] = Description of the method = The method consists in using a sample of events (weighted or unweighted) generated under a certain theoretical hypothesis (a model and its parameters with given values), and in associating with those events an additional weight that corresponds to a new theoretical hypothesis (a different model, and/or different parameter choices); both the original and the additional weights are thus based solely on matrix-element computations. Once computed, the additional weight can be propagated through all of the simulation chain, and saves one from performing eg a full simulation on an additional event sample. The method works only if both the original and the new hypothesis give non-negligible contributions to the same parts of the phase-space. We support three types of reweightings, one for Leading Order (LO) samples, and two for Next-to-Leading Order (NLO) samples (dubbed Kamikaze Reweighting and NLO Reweighting). '''Leading Order'''[[BR]][[BR]] At the Leading Order, the new weight is given by $$W_{new} = |M^{new}_h|^2 /|M^{old}_h|^2 * W_{old} $$ where h is the helicity associated with the event, and $|M^{new/old}_h|^2$ is the matrix element for the corresponding helicity. If the event is not associated with a specific helicity, then the sum over helicities is used instead. This method is fully LO accurate and does not present any bias. Note that the statistical fluctuations of the original sample can be increased by reweighting. To have an idea of such an increase, one can use the naive formula of propagation of errors: $$\Delta\mathcal{O}_{new} = \bar R\cdot \Delta\mathcal{O}_{old} + \Delta R \cdot \mathcal{O}_{old} $$ where $\bar R$ is the average of the ratio of the matrix-element, $\Delta R$ the associated variance. $\mathcal{O}_{old/new}$ is the value of the observable under consideration for the associated hypothesis and $\Delta\mathcal{O}_{old/new}$ the associated variance. '''Kamikaze Reweighting'''[[BR]][[BR]] This corresponds to a LO-type reweighting. Both soft and hard events are reweighted according to the tree-level matrix elements associated with the suitable number of final-state particles i.e., $$W^S_{new} = |M^{new}_{born}|^2 /|M^{old}_{born}|^2 * W^S_{old} $$ $$W^H_{new} = |M^{new}_{real}|^2 /|M^{old}_{real}|^2 * W^H_{old} $$ For obvious reasons this method is, in general, '''not NLO accurate'''. It is available since MadGraph5_aMC@NLO v2.3.2. '''NLO reweighting:'''[[BR]][[BR]] For this procedure, we employ the method introduced in http://arxiv.org/pdf/1110.4738v1.pdf to decompose the matrix elements in terms of scale- and PDF-independent coefficients: $$d\sigma^{H} = d\sigma^E - d\sigma^{MC} $$ $$ d\sigma^{S} = d\sigma^{MC} + \sum_{\alpha=S,C,SC} d\sigma^\alpha $$ where the $d\sigma^\alpha$ terms are written as $$ d\sigma^\alpha=f_1(x_1,\mu_F)f_2(x_2,\mu_F) \left[\mathcal{W}^\alpha_0 + \mathcal{W}^\alpha_F log\left(\mu_F/Q\right)^2 + \mathcal{W}^\alpha_R log\left(\mu_R/Q\right)^2 \right] d\chi$$ and where each of the $\mathcal{W^\alpha_\beta}$ terms is given in terms of coefficients proportional to the Born ($\mathcal{W}^\alpha_{\beta,B}$), to the finite piece of virtual ($\mathcal{W}^\alpha_{\beta,V}$), and to the real ($\mathcal{W}^\alpha_{\beta,R}$) contributions. $\mathcal{W^\alpha_\beta} = B*\mathcal{C}^\alpha_{\beta,B} + V*\mathcal{C}^\alpha_{\beta,V} + R*\mathcal{C}^\alpha_{\beta,R} \equiv \mathcal{W}^\alpha_{\beta,B} + \mathcal{W}^\alpha_{\beta,V} + \mathcal{W}^\alpha_{\beta,R}$ The various $\mathcal{W}^\alpha_{\beta,\delta}$ terms are computed by MG5_aMC@NLO at running time, and kept in the event record. More details on the decomposition are available in the appendix of http://arxiv.org/pdf/1110.4738v1.pdf (and in a paper in preparation). The reweighting is performed on each sub-part of the $\mathcal{W}$'s according to the following formulae (dropping the $\alpha$ and $\beta$ index for simplicity): $$\mathcal{W}_B^{new} = \frac{B^{new}}{B^{old}} * \mathcal{W}_B^{old} $$ $$\mathcal{W}_V^{new} = \frac{V^{new}}{V^{old}} * \mathcal{W}_V^{old} $$ $$\mathcal{W}_R^{new} = \frac{R^{new}}{R^{old}} * \mathcal{W}_R^{old} $$ with the final weight computed by recombining these weights according to the prescription given before. This method of reweighting is called "NLO_basic". In MadGraph5_aMC@NLO, we have implemented a second NLO accurate method of re-weighting. This method dubbed "NLO_VT" is expected to have a smaller statistical uncertainty than the basic one. One potential problem of the "NLO_basic" method is related to the procedure adopted in the computation of the virtual contribution (see sect.2.4.3 http://arxiv.org/pdf/1405.0301.pdf). This speed optimisation method can easily statistical error associated to a sub-sample of events. To estimate such effect we propose this second reweighting method --which should be less sensitive to such effects--. The difference between those two methods should be seen as a systematics. For this re-weighting, $\mathcal{W}_B$ is split in two pieces :$\mathcal{W}_{BC}$, $\mathcal{W}_{BB}$. $\mathcal{W}_{BC}$ is the part, proportional to the Born, related to the one of the counterterms, while $\mathcal{W}_{BB}$ includes all of the other contributions (the Born itself and the approximate virtual). The reweighting is then carried out as follows: $$\mathcal{W}_{BB}^{new} = \frac{(B^{new}+V^{new})}{(B^{old}+V^{old})} * \mathcal{W}_{BB}^{old} $$ $$\mathcal{W}_{BC}^{new} = \frac{B^{new}}{B^{old}} * \mathcal{W}_{BC}^{old} $$ $$\mathcal{W}_V^{new} = \frac{(B^{new}+V^{new})}{(B^{old}+V^{old})} * \mathcal{W}_V^{old} $$ $$\mathcal{W}_R^{new} = \frac{R^{new}}{R^{old}} * \mathcal{W}_R^{old} $$ Such reweighting is fully NLO accurate as well. '''This method will be released in a future version of MadGraph5_aMC@NLO''' and can currently be provided on request. Since it is based on a dedicated decomposition, the NLO sample must be generated in a specific way for the Les Houches event file to contain the necessary information (see below). [[PageOutline]] = Technical details == Limitation 1. Changes of PDFs and/or of cuts are not permitted with these methods of reweighting. 2. Likewise, changes are not allowed in the functional forms used to compute the hard scales, and hence alpha_S 3. In the presence of a decay chain, the order of the particles in the event file is important, and especially so with LHE events not produced by MadGraph5_aMC@NLO. == Installation This module is built-in in MadGraph5_aMC@NLO.2.3.2 and later. It relies on '''f2py'''; the easiest way to install f2py is to install numpy (if not already done). == Running the code === Running simultaneously with event generation When running event generation at the LO or NLO (either via ./bin/generate_events from the local directory or by executing "launch" through the MG5_aMC@NLO interface), you will be asked two questions. The phrasing/options of those two questions depend on whether you run at the LO or NLO, but both follow the same strategy. Here we will take the example of an NLO generation. In that case, the first question is: {{{ The following switches determine which operations are executed: 1 Perturbative order of the calculation: order=NLO 2 Fixed order (no event generation and no MC@[N]LO matching): fixed_order=OFF 3 Shower the generated events: shower=ON 4 Decay particles with the MadSpin module: madspin=OFF 5 Add weights to the events based on changing model parameters: reweight=OFF Either type the switch number (1 to 5) to change its default setting, or set any switch explicitly (e.g. type 'order=LO' at the prompt) Type '0', 'auto', 'done' or just press enter when you are done. [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, auto, done, order=LO, ... ][60s to answer] }}} As you can see, the question presents a series of switches which can take different value (in the example "NLO", "ON", "OFF"). In order to perform the reweighting, you need to put the reweight switch to "ON". Type {{{ reweight=ON }}} You can also just type "5" but please avoid to use this mode in scripts. After hitting the key, the question is asked again and you now should have: {{{ The following switches determine which operations are executed: 1 Perturbative order of the calculation: order=NLO 2 Fixed order (no event generation and no MC@[N]LO matching): fixed_order=OFF 3 Shower the generated events: shower=ON 4 Decay particles with the MadSpin module: madspin=OFF 5 Add weights to the events based on changing model parameters: reweight=ON Either type the switch number (1 to 5) to change its default setting, or set any switch explicitly (e.g. type 'order=LO' at the prompt) Type '0', 'auto', 'done' or just press enter when you are done. [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, auto, done, order=LO, ... ][60s to answer] }}} This allows you to change any other switch (note that "fixed_order" needs to stay on OFF). You can type when you want to pass to the next question: {{{ Do you want to edit a card (press enter to bypass editing)? 1 / param : param_card.dat 2 / run : run_card.dat 3 / reweight : reweight_card.dat 4 / shower : shower_card.dat you can also - enter the path to a valid card or banner. - use the 'set' command to modify a parameter directly. The set option works only for param_card and run_card. Type 'help set' for more information on this command. - call an external program (ASperGE/MadWidth/...). Type 'help' for the list of available command [0, done, 1, param, 2, run, 3, reweight, 4, enter path, ... ][60s to answer] }}} If you want to perform the NLO-accurate reweighting, you need to keep the parameter "keep_rwgt_info" to True. (This is set automatically to True). With this option set equal to False (the default) the kamikaze reweighting will be performed. Then type {{{ 3 }}} to open an editor (in most systems this is vi) where you can edit the content of the reweight_card. The format/options of such a file are described below, and at the beginning of the file itself. The card allows you to specify which model/benchmark you want to use. When you are done, exit the file and press . The code will then start the event generation and when done will directly run the reweighting. === Running the code after the generation of events has been completed. In order to run the reweighting on previously-generated samples, you need to go to the relevant process directory and run either the '''./bin/madevent''' or the '''./bin/aMC@NLO''' script for LO or NLO event generation respectively. You can then type '''reweight RUN_NAME''' (RUN_NAME is typically run_01) and you will be asked the same questions as above. Another option is to manually edit the Cards/reweight_card.dat file and then run either of the two following commands: {{{ ./bin/madevent reweight RUN_NAME -f ./bin/aMC@NLO reweight RUN_NAME -f }}} for the LO and NLO cases respectively. === Content of the reweight_card This card is composed of two sections: 1. '''Options''': [[BR]] These are options that control the behaviour of the reweighting. The lines below must be specified before the first 'launch' command in order to be effective. 1. '''change model ''' performs the reweighting with a new model (you then need to provide a full param_card and not the difference between two cards). 2. '''change process ''' change the process definition. 3. '''change process --add''' add one process definition to the new list. 4. '''change output ''': Three options: 'default'(i.e. lhef version3 format), '2.0' (i.e. lhef version2 format, the main weight is replaced), 'unweight' (a new unweighting is applied on the events sample). 5. '''change helicity ''': performs reweighting for the given helicity (True --default--) or carry out the sum over helicity (False). 6. '''change rwgt_dir ''': changes directory where the computation is performed. This can be used to avoid to recreate/recompile the fortran executable if pointing to a previously existing directory. 7. '''change mode LO''': For NLO samples, this flag forces the code to perform the kamikaze reweighting (available in 2.4.0) 2. '''Benchmark definition''':[[BR]] A benchmark is a given set of parameters within the chosen model. You may create a new benchmark by starting with the command line: {{{ launch }}} After this, you can issue a series of "set" commands to specify how to edit the param_card from the original one. There are a couple of equivalent options: {{{ set mt 150 set mass 6 150 }}} Rather than using the "set" command, you can also specify the path to a (valid) param_card {{{ PATH }}} For a scan over parameters: 1. You can have multiple command lines "launch" in the file, each of them followed by the associated "set" commands. 2. You can use the scan syntax of MadGraph5_aMC@NLO as in the following examples: {{{ set mt 6 scan:range(100,200,20) set mass 6 scan:[100,120,140,160,180] }}} == Output format The output format complies with the Les Houches agreement version 3 (see http://arxiv.org/abs/arXiv:1405.1067) For example, the header looks like this: {{{ set param_card dim6 1 100.0 set param_card dim6 2 100.0 set param_card dim6 3 100.0 }}} and one associated event: {{{ 8 0 +7.9887000e-06 1.24664300e+02 7.95774700e-02 1.23856500e-01 1 -1 0 0 501 0 +0.0000000e+00 +0.0000000e+00 +1.3023196e+03 1.30231957e+03 0.00000000e+00 0.0000e+00 -1.0000e+00 -2 -1 0 0 0 501 +0.0000000e+00 +0.0000000e+00 -1.4499581e+02 1.44995814e+02 0.00000000e+00 0.0000e+00 1.0000e+00 -24 2 1 2 0 0 -1.2793809e+01 -8.3954553e+01 -1.1792566e+02 1.65987064e+02 8.02071978e+01 0.0000e+00 0.0000e+00 23 2 1 2 0 0 +1.2793809e+01 +8.3954553e+01 +1.2752494e+03 1.28132832e+03 9.12640692e+01 0.0000e+00 0.0000e+00 11 1 3 3 0 0 -1.2462673e+01 +1.3647422e+01 -2.6083861e+01 3.19677669e+01 0.00000000e+00 0.0000e+00 -1.0000e+00 -12 1 3 3 0 0 -3.3113586e-01 -9.7601975e+01 -9.1841804e+01 1.34019297e+02 0.00000000e+00 0.0000e+00 1.0000e+00 4 1 4 4 502 0 -1.8321803e+01 +9.0929609e+01 +9.3905973e+02 9.43629724e+02 0.00000000e+00 0.0000e+00 -1.0000e+00 -4 1 4 4 0 502 +3.1115612e+01 -6.9750557e+00 +3.3618969e+02 3.37698598e+02 0.00000000e+00 0.0000e+00 1.0000e+00 4.55278761371e-06 2.65941887458e-06 8.68203803896e-06 }}} The above stems from a reweight_card that reads as follows: {{{ launch set Dim6 1 100 set Dim6 2 0 set Dim6 3 0 set Dim6 4 0 set Dim6 5 0 launch set Dim6 1 0 set Dim6 2 100 set Dim6 3 0 set Dim6 4 0 set Dim6 5 0 launch set Dim6 1 0 set Dim6 2 0 set Dim6 3 100 set Dim6 4 0 set Dim6 5 0 }}} The cross sections of the original model and those resulting from the new hypothesis are printed at the end of the run: {{{ INFO: Original cross-section: 0.80086112072 +- 0.0025669959099 pb INFO: Computed cross-section: INFO: 119 : 5.0238030968 INFO: 120 : 4.46724081967 INFO: 121 : 0.790019392142 }}} [[PageOutline]] = LO Validation Comparisons of the fully-inclusive cross sections. Proceed as follows: {{{ ./bin/madevent ./Cards/reweight_card.dat}}} == p p > e+ e- cross-section 1. The reweight_card is: {{{ launch set aewm1 100 launch set aewm1 200 launch set aewm1 300 }}} 2. The associated cross sections are 1. 1135.25 pb 2. 1095.28 pb 3. 1329.52 pb 3. The cross sections computed directly with MG5_aMC@NLO are 1. 1130 +- 2.815 pb 2. 1098 +- 2.478 pb 3. 1336 +- 2.777 pb == EWDIM6 Validation === input 1. The model used for this validation is the EWDIM6 (See: http://arxiv.org/abs/arXiv:1205.4231). The 10k events to be reweighted were generated with the Standard Model (cross-section: 0.8008 ± 0.0026 pb) 2. The reweight_card was: {{{ launch set Dim6 1 100 set Dim6 2 0 set Dim6 3 0 set Dim6 4 0 set Dim6 5 0 launch set Dim6 1 10 set Dim6 2 0 set Dim6 3 0 set Dim6 4 0 set Dim6 5 0 launch set Dim6 1 1 set Dim6 2 0 set Dim6 3 0 set Dim6 4 0 set Dim6 5 0 launch set Dim6 1 0.1 set Dim6 2 0 set Dim6 3 0 set Dim6 4 0 set Dim6 5 0 launch set Dim6 1 0.01 set Dim6 2 0 set Dim6 3 0 set Dim6 4 0 set Dim6 5 0 }}} The same scan is performed for the three couplings (CWWW, CW, CB) === Results: 1. For CWWW || Coupling value ($TeV^{-2}$) || Reweighted cross-section (pb) || MG5_aMC cross-section (pb) || Status || || 0.01 || 0.800810008029 || 0.7973 ± 0.0023 || OK || || 0.1 || 0.800903791291 || 0.799 ± 0.0026 || OK || || 1 || 0.802209013071 || 0.7987 ± 0.0025 || OK || || 10 || 0.85200014698 || 0.8584 ± 0.00092 || OK || || 100 || 5.0238030968 || 6.09 ± 0.0082 || '''FAIL (as expected)''': Requires too much stats || || 100 || 5.04763 || 6.09 ± 0.0082 || '''FAIL (as expected)''': Requires too much stats (done with a sample of 100k events) || The FAIL entries indicate that the differential results for such value of the coupling are too different from the Standard Model ones, and discrepancies between the original and reweighted results are indeed normal in this case. Note that this behaviour can be expected simply on the basis of the total cross section results (the SM one and that associated with the new coupling differ by an order of magnitude). On the other hand, the inverse reweighting (that starts from the CWW=100 sample, and reweights to find back the SM) works properly; it returns 0.803341120226 pb for the total cross section. Various differential distributions for the reweightings above are linked below. The dashed blue curve is the one produced by reweighting, while the solid black is the curve generated directly by MG5_aMC@NLO. All samples consist of 100k events.[[BR]] Plots: [https://cp3.irmp.ucl.ac.be/projects/madgraph/raw-attachment/wiki/Reweight/cwww_0.1.pdf 0.1] [https://cp3.irmp.ucl.ac.be/projects/madgraph/raw-attachment/wiki/Reweight/cwww_1.pdf 1] [https://cp3.irmp.ucl.ac.be/projects/madgraph/raw-attachment/wiki/Reweight/cwww_10.pdf 10] [https://cp3.irmp.ucl.ac.be/projects/madgraph/raw-attachment/wiki/Reweight/cwww_100.pdf 100] 2. For CW || Coupling value ($TeV^{-2}$) || Reweight cross-section (pb) || MG5_aMC cross-section (pb) || Status || || 0.01 || 0.800798262059 || 0.7953 +- 0.002497 || OK || || 0.1 || 0.801379445746 || 0.7988 ± 0.0023 || OK || || 1 || 0.806872565125 || 0.8065 ± 0.0023 || OK || || 10 || 0.889336417677 || 0.8832 ± 0.003 || OK || || 100 || 4.46724081967 || 4.519 ± 0.015 || '''FAIL (as expected) ''' || || 100 || 4.44273 || 4.519 ± 0.015 || '''FAIL (as expected)''' (done with a sample of 100k events) || Same comments as for the previous case. 3. For CB || Coupling value ($TeV^{-2}$) || Reweight cross-section (pb) || MG5_aMC cross-section (pb) || Status || || 0.01 || 0.800798262059 || 0.7977 ± 0.0027 || OK || || 0.1 || 0.800782626532 || 0.7985 ± 0.0024 || OK || || 1 || 0.800626859275 || 0.7981 +- 0.002365 || OK || || 10 || 0.799127987884 || 0.7971 ± 0.0024 || OK || || 100 || 0.790019392142 || 0.7852 ± 0.0026 || OK || || 100 || 0.786698206995 || 0.7852 ± 0.0026 || OK (done with a sample of 100k events) || This operator has a smaller impact on the cross section and distributions, and therefore even a large value of the coupling works fine. Note: 1. The cross section obtained for a 100k-event sample is 0.7989 ± 0.00087 2. The statistical fluctuations of the original sample are reflected on the reweighted cross-section (as expected) = NLO Validation All validation plots can be found in the following talk: https://indico.cern.ch/event/458670/contribution/4/attachments/1203988/1753929/EW_reweighting_mattelaer.pdf